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Permaculture is essentially a way of managing land with the goal to get the most out of the land by following 12 major principles. It is noted that obtaining a yield (suchs as fruit production) is one of the first few principles, but this it to be done while improving the land and the community surrounding it at the same time.

A food forest can be many different things to many different people. For most, the goal of a food forest is to have some food or other consumable product value that is a result of proper management and possible automation of a set of systems within a "forest" by mimicking processes in nature. The term "forest" in this example may be varried from a system containing hundreds of acres of old growth all the way down to a few young trees on small plot of land.

This question can get a little complicate. But, generally speaking, the temperate zone is between the tropical zone and the polar zones. There is a much wider flucation of temperature in temperate zones. Technically, temperate zones have an average temperature above 50 degress Fahrenheit in the warm season and above 27 degrees Fahrenheight in cold months. This website specifically focuses on the USDA growing zones between 4a and 9b(the areas directly adjacent to the subtropical region and partly in it), but discussion about other zones nearby is welcomed! https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/temperate-climate

Different zones and climates will have different flora possibilties due to temperature requierments of the palnts and the systems that they create. Translation - Some plants can't handle the heat and some can't handle the cold. If they are in their ideal growing zone, they will be the most productive possible.